GD 342/Glossary

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Contribute to this wiki resource for Martha Scotford's GD 342 class. Research and write useful and complete definitions or explanations of these design/art terms. Included with a short text must be at least one image (photo, diagram, etc.) that helps explain the term. You must produce six (6) for extra credit; choose ones that have not been done. Clear your choices with Prof. Scotford before you start. Review the glossary list on the class website. Credit your sources; provide proper bibliography for text and images following your contribution - as well as your initials (only; for privacy purposes).

Afficheurs

This is the French word for posters or a printed image on large paper. We distinguish a poster as, “a large, public form of communication using words and pictures, positioned for the pedestrian audience ” They gained popularity towards the end of the 19th century as means of advertisement. They attract an audience through visual representations, which in turn serve as “historical documents by which we can learn what intrigued, amused, and motivated” society in a certain culture in a specific era. Printing methods have evolved since the beginning of poster design to become more efficient and allowing posters to be produced in mass quantities. Some examples of printing methods are silkscreen, hand screen-print, letterpress, relief printing, and offset printing.

References Delahunt, Michael. “Poster” http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/p/poster.html Copyright 1996-2007 Foster, John. Fuszion Collaborative New Masters of Poster Design: Poster Design for the Next Century, 2006 Rockport Publishers, Inc. Gloucester, Massachusetts

Foster, Joseph K. “The Posters of Picasso” Grosset & Dunlap Publishers, New York. 1964. Rambow, Gunter. “Rambow 1960-96”. Ostfildern-Ruit Cantz, 1996. Scotford, Martha. “INDUSTRY DESIGN: Poster Development in Europe & USA” GD 342 Lecture 8 -HK

Automatism This refers to an “automatic type of drawing ”. It is sought after by trying to avoid “conscious direction of […] drawing ” so that the “subconscious mind may take over .” It could be seen as free expression and is predominately seen in paintings or drawings, but is also seen in poetry. It originated during Surrealism and further developed under Abstract Expressionism. An example of this can be seen in many of Jackson Pollock’s paintings such as, “Number One,” or Andre Masson’s drawings such as his 1924 “Automatic Drawing.” Artists experimented with, “fantastic or erotic images spontaneously recorded, in a kind of visual free association, with out the artist’s conscious censorship; the images were either left as originally conceived or consciously elaborated upon .” Other than Surrealists, groups such as “Les Automatistes” (Canadian painters) and US Action Painters experimented with automatism. This approach was seen as a “means of stripping away artifice and unlocking basic creative instincts deep within the artist’s personality .”

References “Automatic Drawing” The Surrealists Website Accessed 04 May 2007 Copyright 2004-2007 http://surrealists.classifieds4u.co.uk/viewPicture/168/ “Automatism” The Encyclopedia Britannica: Volume 1 Fifteenth Edition. p. 726 Grant, Kim. “Surrealism and the Visual Arts: Theory and Reception”. Cambridge University Press, 2005. Mariano, Lore. “Jackson Pollock’s Number One 1948 or – How Can We be Abandoned and Accurate at the Same Time?” http://www.terraingallery.org/Pollock_LS.htm -HK

Automatism

A surrealist technique for drawing or writing spontaneously. The practice does not involve decided aesthetic or moral strokes, but is a "stream of consciousness". The form of automatism has expanded over the years, such as today there is now "free jazz" and computer drawing.

A major historical automatic group was the "Les Automatistes" who pursued creative work (painting) based on surrealist principles. They attempted to encapsulate in their work a diety of universal ethics and moral values. In 1919 The first book on automatism was written by Breton and Philippe Soupault, entitled, Les Champs Magnétiques.

Surrealists have also been known to make automatic mathematic equations or scripts for programs such as photoshop.

References

"Surrealist automatism." Wikipedia. 22 March 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealist_automatism>

André Masson. Automatic Drawing. (1924). Ink on paper, 9 1/4 x 8 1/8" (23.5 x 20.6 cm). Museum of Modern Art, New York.

-DL

Block Books

A Block Book is made where each page is printed from one engraved woodblock. This time consuming method was replaced by moveable type in the 15-century in Europe. The history of block books comes from China, where woodblocks were even more profific than the west. These books date back to the 9th century A.D. and were used even after moveable type was avaliable, for the great number of Chinese characters made it very hard to store and keep sets of type. Whereas Chinese woodblocks were ornate, elegant and colorful, European block books were often rudamentary and cheap. The most common use for European block books were religious text, such as the most popular block book The Biblia Pauperum or 'Poor Mans Bible.'

References

"Block books." InfoPlease. 2007. <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0807923.html>

"Block Books." The Introduction of Printing, Sue Wood. 20 February, 2000. <http://www.csu.edu.au/faculty/arts/humss/art317/CSUonly/blockbook.htm>

page from Biblia Pauperum

-DL

Broadside

A single, large sheet of paper bearing printed matter, usually in a solid block of type. During the 15th century broadsides were used for royal proclamations, papal indulgences, etc. In England they were used to print ballads and sold as a form of newspapers. During the 19th century in the United States, they were used predominately as outdoor advertisements.

References Http://search.ebsohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=funk&AN=BR179300&site=ehost-live Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia

-AG

Calligramme

A Calligramme is a form of writing, typically poetry, where the letters on the page form some sort of an image. The word calligramme comes from the contraction of “penmanship” and “ideogram”. The most well know early calligrame artist was Guillaume Apollinaire, who once said to his friend Picasso, “anch' io son' pittore, me also I am a painter!” Wiktionnaire explains that a Calligramme is a "Poem in which the visual shape of the worms evokes a drawing."

References

"Calligramme." Wikipedia. 22 April 2007. <http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligramme>

"calligramme." Wiktionnaire. 5 January 2007. <http://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/calligramme>

Calligramme de Guillaume Apollinaire

-DL

Camera Lucida

Designed by British scientist William Hyde Wollaston in 1806, a camera lucida is an optical device used for drawing. The camera lucida uses a mirror and prism to reflect an object onto a piece of paper, allowing for accurate tracing.

References

"CameraLucida." 16 March 2007. Wikipedia. 12 April 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lucida>

"CameraLucida." Artlex. 12 April 2007. <http://www.artlex.com>

Camera Lucida

-S.B.

Camera Obscura

The word camera obscura comes from the latin words "room" and "dark", respectively. The word refers to a device used for drawing. The principle behind the device is a simple one. On a bright day, go into a VERY dark room and make a pin-hole in a shade for a window. On the opposite wall, you will see the outside world upside down! You have also seen this in action if you've ever made a pinhole camera. This principle can be applied smaller scale to a box, and the image can be projected onto paper where an artist can trace the scene in exact proportions as reality.

The origins of the device are attributed to a Chinese philosopher Mo-Ti, who in the 5th century B.C. recorded finding inverted images passing through a pin-hole into a dark room. However, others say that a Muslim named Abu Ali Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haitham (965-1039 CE) is accredited for its discovery while carrying out practical experiments on optics. Regardless, it is well known that Aristotle (384-322 BC) understood the optical principle of the camera obscura, as well as Leonardo Da Vinci who in 1490 gave two clear descriptions of the camera obscura in his notebooks.

Eventually, the Camera Obscura led to the development of the modern camera.

References

"The magic mirror of life." Brighbytes. August 2004. <http://brightbytes.com/cosite/what.html>

"Camera obscura." Wikipedia. 23 April 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura>

-DL Canceller(e)sca (multiple spellings)

“In calligraphy, script that in the 16th century became the vehicle of the New Learning […] developed out of the antica corsiva. […] As written by the calligrapher and printer Lodovico degli Arrighi of Vicenza […] [it] can range from eye-arresting contrasts of Gothic-like thick and thin strokes to a delicate, supple monotone tracery.” It is “lively yet disciplined, responsive to various cuts of nib and speeds of movement ” and is best known today as italic. In this script example all capitals are followed by lower case letters and numbers.

References

“Cancellaresca Corsiva” The Encyclopedia Britannica Volume 2: Fifteenth Edition 2002.

“Fontscape Typeface Directory” 04 May 2007 http://www.fontscape.com/explore?7L6 Capitalis monumentalis (Roman Capitals)

These are capital letterforms that were originally chiseled into marble stone in the Roman Forum. They are models for our uppercase forms and serve as standards for future fonts. They are comprised of “serifs […] that derive from the entry [and exit] point for the chisel into the stone .” They range in proportions by necessity to create the specific letter. For example, the “I” is much skinner than the “O” because the “O” requires more thick and thin stokes to create its rounded form. These serifs also give aesthetic value by grounding the visual top and bottom of the letter .

References

Scotford, Martha GD 342 Lecture 3: “Early Typographic Traditions” pg 2. -HK

Codex

A Codex is the technological advancement of a scroll. The term refers to handwritten pages in modern book format. It is comprised of separate pages bound together with a cover. The Codex was first used during the Roman Empire. A bound manuscript is considered a codex if it was created between 300 AD - 1500 AD.

References

"Express Yourself." 4H CCS Projects. 12 April, 2007. http://www.4hccsprojects2.com/communications/youthpages/TimeTravel/time_travel.html

"Codex." 3 April 2007. Wikipedia. 12 April 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex

Codex

-L.J.

Cold Type

Answers.com defines cold type as "Typesetting, such as photocomposition, done without the casting of metal." Cold type is also a synonymn for Phototypesetting. It began in the 1940's as offset lithography, and became popular very quickly. It gave new freedom to typesetters, such as overlapping type and closely packing type. With the development of the personal computer, cold type has taken on an entirely new meaning as virtually anybody could learn to use a program to set their own "cold type".

References

"Phototypesetting." Wikipedia. 15 March 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_type>

"Cold Type." Answers.com. 2007. <http://www.answers.com/topic/cold-type>

Ellen at Linotype

-DL

Cuneiform

Cuneiform is the first known system of writing, invented by the Sumerian's around 3400 B.C. Cuneiform gets its name from the wedge-shaped form of its signs. Horizontal, oblique, vertical, and triangular marks were written into clay with a reed stylus in order to create this writing system. The symbols in cuneiform were usually pictographs that represented words and even syllables.

References

"Cuneiform Tablets." 26 October 2006. University of Missouri Libraries. 11 April 2007. <http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/cuneiformmain.htm>

Meggs, Philip B. Megg’s History of Graphic Design. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Glassner, Jean-Jacques. The Invention of Cuneiform, Writing in Sumer. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Cuneiform

-S.B.

Egyptian Type

Egyptian typefaces began in the early 1800s to capture the public's attention in posters and other advertising print materials. Egyptian type has thick, geometric slabs for serifs, instead of finely detailed serifs. Egyptian type is also referred to as Slab-serif.

References

"Egyptian (Wood) Type." Thinking With Type. 14 April 2007. http://www.papress.com/thinkingwithtype/teachers/type_lecture/history_notes.htm

"Slab-serif (Egyptian)". Redsun: Type classification. 14 April 2007. http://www.redsun.com/type/classification/

Examples of Egyptian type

-L.J.

Engraving

A technique of making prints from metal plates into which a design has been incised with a cutting tool called a burin. Engraving originated independently in the Rhine valley in Germany and in northern Italy about the middle of the 15th century. In Germany, engraving seems to have been first developed by goldsmiths. In Italy, it grew out of both the goldsmith’s art and niello work. Niello work is decorative metalwork.

References “engraving”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9032673.

-AG

Ex Libris

Also known as bookplates. Ex Libris are labels of ownership, generally engraved or printed, pasted on the inside of books. They were first used about the middle of the 15th century. The early designs, beginning with those of Durer, contain representations of the heraldic coats of arms of the owners and are usually described as armorial.

References http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=funk&AN=BO137500&site=ehost-live

Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia

-AG

Fat Faces

Fat Faces are a display type with excessively heavy features. They first appeared in 1810 in poster advertisements. Fat Faces can be serif or sans serif. Some examples of Fat Face fonts are: Avenir Next Heavy, Bauer Bodoni Black, Big Band, Thorowgood, and Memphis Extra Bold.

References

Rabinowitz, Tova. 2006. Exploring Typography. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning.

"Fat Faces." Linotype Font Feature. 15 April 2007. http://www.linotype.com/2738/fatfaces.html?PHPSESSID=c19fb183291072adf637325a9d7d7ab0

Examples of Fat Face type

-L.J.

Fauvism

Fauvism was the first art revolution of the 20th century, beginning in 1905. Bright colors and simplified lines were characteristics seen within Fauvism art. Fauvism was made up of many independent painters who reacted to their surroundings. The “leader” of the movement was Matisse.

references

Leymarie, Jean. Fauves and Fauvism. New York: Rizzoli International Publications Inc.

Henri Matisse, The Open Window at Collioure, 1905.

-S.B. Frottage Frottage is a technique of “reproducing a texture or relief design by laying paper over it and rubbing it with some drawing medium .” For example, crayon, pencil, or charcoal could be utilized. Surrealist artists employed this technique into their work. Artists such as Max Ernst, “incorporated such rubbings into their painting by means of collage ”. It can also be used to decipher inscriptions on ancient monuments such as headstones.

References “Frottage” 2005. http://www.maxernstmuseum.de/FachThema/Deutsch/Sammlung/frottage.htm The Dictionary of Art: Volume 11 edited by Turner, Jane. Macmillan Publishers Limited. 1996. -HK Half tone screen

“A technique of breaking up an image into a series of dots so as to reproduce the full tone range of a photograph or tone art work .” This is usually achieved by inserting a screen over the exposed plate. “The screens are made with a varying number of lines per inch, depending on the application; for newspapers, the range is 50 to 85, and for magazines, 100-120. The highest quality reproduction requires 120 to 150 lines per inch .”

References

Ojeda-Castaneda, Jorge, and Carlos Gomez-Reino. Selected Papers on Zone Plates. Bellingham, WA: SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1996.

The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Volume 5, Fifteenth Edition, Ready Reference. Chicago 2002.

VistaPrint: 2001-2007 http://www.vistaprint.com/vp/ns/customer_care/artwork_specifications/Creating_Your_Artwork.aspx?GP=5%2F4%2F2007+1%3A59%3A25+PM

“What’s the DPI?” Cox-King Multimedia 04 May 2007 http://www.ckmm.com/dpi.html

Woolley, Ron F. “Halftone Screens” 1997-2003. http://www.dtp-aus.com/hlftone.htm -HK

Half Tone Screen

A halftone screen is a manipulation to an image where it is rendered as tiny dots on the page. There is black and white and color halftone processes. For a B&W halftone, a series of black dots are printed on a white background. For a color halftone, the image is broken into Cyan, Magenta, Yellow & Black dots, of which their combination produce the range of colors needed. From the reading distance of the image, the dots, be color or black and white, appear as solid gradients of color.

References

"Halftone Screens." www.dtp-aus.com. 2003. <http://www.dtp-aus.com/hlftone.htm>

"Halftone." Wikipedia. 17 April 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halftone>

Meggs, Philip B. Megg’s History of Graphic Design. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Three examples of color halftoning with CMYK separations.

-DL

Hieroglyphics

A system that employs characters in the form of pictures. Their individual signs may be read as either pictures, as symbols for pictures, or as symbols for sounds. The name comes from the Greek work for “scared carving”. In the strict meaning of the word, hieroglyphic designates only the writing on Egyptian monuments.

References “Hieroglyphic writing”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9110477

-AG

Illuminated manuscript

An Illuminated manuscript is a document written by hand which uses borders, initials, and illustrations to enhance the page. The word ‘manuscript’ literally means ‘written by hand’. Illuminated manuscripts include the decoration of gold or silver, which literally illuminates when light catches the page. The earliest surviving illuminated manuscripts are from around 400 to 600 A.D., originating from parts of Europe including Italy and Ireland.

References

"Illuminated manuscript." 5 April 2007. Wikipedia. 11 April 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript>

De Hamel, Christopher. A History of Illuminated Manuscripts. London: Phaidon Press Limited.

Illuminated manuscript

-S.B.

Linotype Machine

A typesetting machine by which characters are cast in type metal as a complete line, rather than as individual characters as on the Monotype typesetting machine. Ottmar Mergenthaler patented it in the United States in 1884. Linotype was most often used when large amounts of straight text matter were to be set.

References “Linotype”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9048415.

-AG

Logogram

It’s a written symbol (non-pictorial) used to represent a whole spoken word. Logograms (word signs) are not sound signs as well as they do not resemble the word they stand for. Some of the more well known symbols $(dollar), #(number), @(at), &(and), and %(percent). The most familiar logograms are numbers, although they are not recognized as such. Some writing systems that use mostly logograms are Chinese and Egyptian.

Examples of Egyptian logograms

References http://www.answers.com/topic/logogram http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048771/logogram http://members.fortunecity.com/rapidrytr/Spells/pic-logo.html

-LA

Mechano-faktura

A theory derived by Henryk Berlewi about ~1922-23. It was to produce art on mechanical principles and removing the artist’s hand. To accompany his manifesto, there were twelve designs of pure abstraction which was made of crisscrossing lines and dots.

Composition in Red, Black and White (1924)

References http://www.raritanval.edu/departments/vapa/visualarts/GDHistory/New%20Form/Berlewi.html

-LA

Merz

The term originated in 1919 by Kurt Schwitters for a series of collages and assemblages he made from found materials. He did not want to categorize them under previously existed terms such as Cubism or Expressionism. Schwitters describes Merz as “Freedom from all fetters, for the sake of artistic creation. Freedom is not lack of restraint, but the product of strict artistic discipline.”

Merz Edited by Kurt Schwitters

References typophile.com/files/merz

-LA

Pictograph

Pictures that represent words or ideas; hieroglyphs. They consist of images painted on rock surfaces. Pictographs are pictorial representation of data or relationships.

Pictographs By Vicki Lockard

References http://factmonster.com/ipd/A0588199.html http://groups.msn.com/asinglestandingteepee/linkspictographspetroglyphs.msnw

-LA

Rotulus

1. Something that is wound up in a cylindrical form or that is moved along a by a turning motion. Most commonly used to represent writing materials that rolled up for convenient storage.

2. A combination of red, green, and blue representing the color spectrum.

References http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/Rf.html www.finns-books.com/rotulus

-LA

Stereotyping (in printing)

18th century printing plate widely used in letterpress and newspapers. It is cast from a matrix molded from a raised print surface. They are made by locking type columns, advertising , and illustration plates to make complete newspaper pages.

References

http://www.answers.com/topic/stereotype http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069624/stereotype#53657.hook

-LA

Rebus Writing

A Rebus is a visual pun that substitutes written or visual signs to create new meanings from its common meaning. For instance, the letters C and U substitute for the words "see" and "you." An image of a heart substitutes for the word "love." Egyptian hieroglyphic writings and Babylonian cuneiform are examples of the first rebus writings.

References

"Rebus." Dr. L. Kip Wheeler, Literary Terms and Definitions. 15 April 2007. http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_R.html

Hanging in the Balance, by L. Johnson

-L.J.

Recto

Recto refers to the right side of a folded or bound 2-page spread. Odd numbered pages are recto. The first page in a book typically starts on right or the recto.

References

"Recto." About.com. 13 April 2007. http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/pagelayout/g/recto.htm

"Recto." New Mediatrix. 14 April 2007. http://www.olena.ca/articles/pub_glossary.html

Recto

-L.J.

Sans serif type

Sans serif type is type that does not have serifs. Serifs are the small extra strokes usually found on the ends of a letter. There are many different variations of sans serif typefaces: humanist, informal, geometric, neo-grotesque, and grotesque. Each classification varies in weight, stroke thickness, and shape. Sans serif typefaces originated in the 1800’s but became more common in the twentieth century.

References

Lupton, Ellen. Thinking with type, A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Editors, & Students. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

"Sans Serif." About.com. 12 April 2007. <http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/basic/g/sansserif.htm>

"Ominetype." Omine.net. 11 April 2007. <http://www.omine.net/font/beret/>

Sans serif type

-S.B.

Surrealism

Coming into existence shortly after the First World War, Surrealism was considered a way of life by its followers. It was about thinking intuitively and not logically. This was a time where poetry and art were in unison. Surrealism was about surprise effects, shock tactics and dream-like images within art.

References

Walberg, Patrick. Surrealism. Ohio: The World Publishing Company.

Salvador Dali, The Birth of Liquid Desires (1932)

-S.B.

Tectonics

Tectonics is the technical interpretation of the classic and antique architecture and the use and implementation of this interpretation into the architure of today.

References

Peschken, Goerd. Schinkel's Tectonics. 1999. 4 May 2007 <http://www.tc.umn.edu/~peikx001/schinkel's%20tectonics.htm>.

-A.M.

Textura

Textura refers to the spikey letterforms that can be found in Manuscript books of the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries. Textura is also referred to as fraktur and blackletter. The Old English letterforms of today are based on textura letterforms of that time.

References

2005, Martha Scotford, NCSU, GD 342 Lectures (Early Typographic Traditions)

Gothic Miniscule, Textura Writing, 1443, Development of the Roman Alphabet.

-A.M.

Tintypes

Less widely known as melainotypes or ferrotypes, tintypes are photographs that are printed on a thin iron plate (positive print on a sensitized plate of enameled iron) They were used in the 19th century as proof of identity or existence kind of like how a photo ID is used today.

References

Rinhart, Floyd, Marion Rinhart, and Robert Wagner. The American Tintype. Ohio: The Ohio State University, 1999.

Stubbs, Peter. Edinphoto. 1 May 2007. 2 May 2007 <http://www.edinphoto.org.uk>.

Reproduced with Acknowledgement to John Hollingsworth

-A.M.

Typophoto

A typophoto is the integration of type and photomontage. The term, coined by Laszlo Moholy-Nagy (of Bauhaus), was the beginning of the use of word and image/photograph together. Moholy-Nagy called it "the new visual literature".

References

Heller, Steven, and Louise Fili. StylePedia. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books, 2006.

Meggs, Philip B., and Alston W. Purvis. Meggs' History of Graphic Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.

Typophoto

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, typophoto poster for tires, 1923.

-A.M.

Uncials

Uncials are a broad rounded style of writing that was originally develloped by the Greeks. Because this style of writing was rounded, it required less strokes, thus saving writing time. Uncials are also a good example of how a specific writing tool can effect the outcome of the written form.

References

Meggs, Philip B., and Alston W. Purvis. Meggs' History of Graphic Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.

Uncials

Uncials from the Gospel fo Saint Matthew, eighth century A.D.

-A.M.

Verso

Verso refers to the left side of a folded or bound 2-page spread. It is the reverse (or verso) of the first page. Even numbered pages are verso. The term is also used to describe the book page opposite the title, where the publisher and copywrite information is printed.

References

"Verso." About.com. 13 April 2007. http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/pagelayout/g/verso.htm

"Verso." New Mediatrix. 14 April 2007. http://www.olena.ca/articles/pub_glossary.html

Verso

-L.J.

Woodcut

A technique of printing designs from planks of wood incised parallel to the vertical axis of the wood’s grain. It is one of the oldest methods of making prints from a relief surface, having been used in China to decorate textiles since the 5th century AD. The process was widely used for popular illustrations in the 17th century, but no major artist employed it. Woodcuts also play an important role in the history of Japanese art. During the 17th century, a style of genre art called ukiyo-e gained prominence in Japan. Woodcuts served as a convenient and practical way of filling the large demand for inexpensive ukiyo-e pictures.

References “Woodcut”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9077414.

-AG

Wood Engraving

Wood Engraving was an efficient way of printing photographs in books, magazines, and newspaper illustrations because they could be run on the same press as the text since they were type-high, whereas lithographs had to be run separately on a different press. Tones were created from the image being broken up into a many dots of varying sizes.

References

Meggs, Philip B., and Alston W. Purvis. Meggs' History of Graphic Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.

Printed Wood Engraving

Actual Wood Engraving

Wood Engraving, Date and Source Unknown

-A.M.